თანამედროვეობის ნაკლოვანებების გაბედული მხილება ჯონათან სვიფტის შემოქმედებაში

ჩემი მეგობრის საკონფერენციო ნაშრომი

cnobili satirikosi jonaTan svifti inglisuri literaturis erT-erT mniSvnelovan figuras warmoadgens. igi im mweralTagania, romlebic ganmanaTlebelTa saxeliTaa cnobili da maT mizans sazogadoebis ganaTlebisa da zneobrivi donis amaRleba warmoadgenda. inglisis ganmanaTlebelTaTvis zogierTi damaxasiaTebeli SezRudulobis miuxedavad, isini gulwrfelad iltvodnen SeewiraT TavianTi codna da Zala kacobriobis bednierebisaTvis. ganmanaTleblobis epoqis literatura ganicdis Tavisi drois ideologiuri brZolis gavlenas. mis ganviTarebaSi ZiriTadad aRsaniSnavia ori mimarTuleba: burJuaziul-puritanuli da radikalur-kritikuli. amaTTagan, pirveli mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi amocanad isaxavdnen adamianTa gardaqmnas moralur-religiuri gzebiT da yuradRebas ar amaxvilebdnen sazogadoebis politikur mankierebebze. am mimarTulebas daupirispirda radikalur-kritikuli mimarTuleba, romlis momxrec svifti gaxldaT. igi ar gamodioda arsebuli wyobis CarCoebidan da mis mizans Tanamedroveobis socialur-politikur naklovanebaTa mxileba, rogorc Zveli gadmonaSTebis, ise mzardi burJuaziuli wyobis winaaRmdegobaTa axali formebis kritika warmoadgenda.

genialuri satirikosi, mwerali da publicisti, jonaTan svifti daibada 1667 wels sasamarTlos moxelis ojaxSi. maSindeli Cveulebisamebr, jonaTani sofelSi gaaZiZaves, xolo Semdeg irlandieli aristokratebisaTvis gankuTvnil skolaSi Seiyvanes. man mZime cxovreba ganvlo-bavSvobidanve igrZno cxovrebis siZneleebi. mamiT obolma, naTesavebis daxmarebiT moaxerxa ganaTlebisa da sasuliero xarisxis miReba. igi politikur cxovrebaSic aqtiurad iyo CarTuli. universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg sviftma muSaoba daiwyo samsaxuridan gadamdgari lordis pirad mdivnad. swored aq gaecno inglisis politikur saqmianobas. gadamdgari lordis gardacvalebis Semdeg man mRvdlis anafora Caicva, Tumca amas xeli ar SeuSlia Cabmuliyo politikur brZolaSi.

jonaTan sviftis literaturuli moRvaweoba iwyeba 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan. mwerali inglisis saganmanaTleblo literaturaSi kritikuli mimarTulebis fuZemdeblad iTvleba. misi Semoqmedeba aSkara SeurigeblobiTa da Tanamedroveobis naklovanebebis gabeduli mxilebiT xasiaTdeba. igi ebrZvis ara marto feodalizmis naSTebs, aramed Tanamedrove burJuaziul urTierTobebsac. igi amxels sazogadoebrivi wyobis uaryofiT mxareebs, mis gatacebas fuliT da gamyidvel xasiaTs. swored yovelive amis winaaRmdeg ibrZvis jonaTan svifti sakuTari SemoqmedebiTa da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiT.

ingliseli ganmanaTleblis, rogorc satirikosis, maRali niWi swored politikuri moRvaweobis periodSi ifurCqneba. ironia, sarkazmi, qaragma - yovelive es sviftis satiris arsenalidanaa amoRebuli da mraval pamfletsac uZRvnis politikas.

sviftis pirvel satirul nawarmoebs warmoadgens “wignTa brZola”,  romliTac igi Zvel wignebs mfarvelobs. nawarmoebis mTavari Rirseba mis satirul tendenciasa da literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb gamoTqul Zvirfas mosazrebebSi mdgomareobs. am nawarmoebis gamoCena gamowveulia cxare kamaTiT Zveli da axali literaturisa da mecnierebis upiratesobaTa Sesaxeb. safrangeTSi dawyebulma kamaTma farTo gamoxmaureba hpova inglisSi, romelic sviftma sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi asaxa.

1704 wels qveyndeba jonaTan sviftis satira “zRapari kasrze”, romelSic ostaturadaa Sezavebuli mxatvrul-alegoriuli da pamfleturi publicistika. miuxedavad imisa, rom svifti religiis msaxuria, igi mourideblad amxels qristianuli religiisa da misi saxesxvaobebis namdvil arss. sviftis maxvili kaTolicizms xvdeba. dacinvis sagnadaa qceuli kaTolikuri adaT-wesebi. wignSi warmodgenilia qristianuli sarwmunoebis sami ganStoeba – kaTolikuri, aristokratiuli da puritanuli, rasac alegoriulad ganasaxierebs sami Zma. maTi Tavgadasavlebisa da urTierTobis fonze brwyinvaledaa gaSuqebuli religiuri samyaro. wigni mTlianad antieklesiuri suliskveTebiTaa gamsWvaluli. Tavisi konstruqciiT, igi sakmaod areulia. zRapari sami Zmis Sesaxeb Senacvlebulia mravali gadaxveviT, romelSic avtori dascinis Tanamedrove literatorebisa da kritikosebis araraobas. nawarmoebis dasaTaureba, “zRapari kasrze”, mis satirul xasiaTs usvams xazs. carieli kasri, romelic mezRvaurebisaTvis veSapis CamoSorebis saukeTeso gzas warmoadgens, gaigivebulia religiasTan. nawarmoebi mTlianobaSi qmnis XVII s – is inglisis sulieri cxovrebis farTo periodul da satirul suraTs.

1726 wels gamodis jonaTan sviftis udidesi nawarmoebi “guliveris mogzauroba“, romelic erTgvarad ajamebs mTel mis SemoqmedebiT gzas. igi mTlianad imdroindeli inglisis politikur da erovnul anarekls warmoadgens da mwerlis niWis saukeTeso nayofia. wigni oTx nawiladaa dayofili da Tavisi agebulebiT atarebs inglisSi gavrcelebuli mogzaurobisa da sazRvao saTavgadasavlo romanebis periodis xasiaTs. misi yoveli nawili gamoirCeva satiruli tendenciis siRrmiT da maTi mxatvruli gamosaxulebebis saSualebiT. “guliveris mogzauroba” aramarto koloniuri politikis winaaRmdeg brZolas isaxavs miznad, aramed dascinis da samarcxvino boZze akravs kapitalistur wyobilebas, rogorc politikur sistemas. wigni mTlianad gamsWvalulia sviftisTvis damaxasiaTebeli basri satiriT da misi saSualebiT gabedulad amxels Tanamedroveobis naklovanebebs. igi Tavisi gesliani kalmiT TvalnaTliv gvanaxebs imdroindeli burJuaziuli sazogadoebis mankierebebs, amitom, Txzulebis mTavari Rirseba swored politikuri mxilebis mrisxane ZalaSi mdgomareobs.

pirvel nawilSi, romelSiac aRwerilia mogzauroba liliputebis qveyanaSi, mocemulia mravali iseTi ambavi, romelic inglisis sinamdvileSi mimdinare movlenebis analogiuria. naCvenebia liliputebis umZafresi survili mTakacis damorCilebisa, es ki zustad monaxuli alegoriaa. marTlac, SedarebiT patara inglisi Sepyrobilia agresiuli cieb-cxelebiT, cdilobs daimorCilos uzarmazari goliaTuri qveynebi. liliputebis qveyanaSi guliveri aRmoaCens iseTsave saxelmwifo aparats, rogoric samSobloSi datova. aqaa ori partia – dabalquslianebi da maRalquslianebi. isini mudmivad ibrZvian xelisuflebisaTvis. nawarmoebSi, komikur situaciaSi, viTom liliputebis mefisa da misi karis cxovrebaa asaxuli, sinamdvileSi gadmocemulia inglisis samefo karis cxovreba. aRwerilia omebi liliputebsa da maT mezobel blefeskuelebs Soris. es omi guliveris daxmarebiT blefeskuelebis damarcxebiT dasrulda. am faqtSi alegoriulad nagulisxmevia inglis-safrangeTis omi da safrangeTis flotis damarcxeba. am moTxrobebSi svifti amxels Tanamedrove politikur intrigebs, politikuri brZolis uprincipobas da protestantuli inglisisa da kaTolikuri safrangeTis omebis umiznobas.

evropuli civilizaciis saerTo xasiaTis analizi ufro metad mocemulia nawarmoebis meore nawilSi - mogzauroba goliaTebis qveyanaSi. sviftis satira TandaTanobiT Tavisufldeba alegoriisa da narTauli sityvebisagan da maT adgils iWers inglisis sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis mkacri, pirdapiri da daundobeli mxileba guliverisa da goliaTTa mefis piriT. satiris formebi aq icvleba da TviT guliveri vardeba umniSvnelo liliputis mdgomareobaSi. avtori gvisuraTebs brobdingnagis humanur mefes, romelic mmarTvelobis xelovnebaSi eyrdnoba saR azrs, gonierebasa da samarTlianobas. rodesac guliveri Tavisi qveynis istorias mouTxrobs mas, es ukanaskneli miwasTan asworebs inglisis mmarTvelobis sistemas. am nawilSi sviftis satiruli meTodi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mas surs aCvenos evropuli civilizaciis araraoba da sicrue im brZnul saxelmwifoebriv wyobilebasTan SedarebiT, romelic aqvT ganaTlebul goliaTebs.

wignis mesame da meoTxe nawilSi sviftis satira xdeba ufro mkveTri da gesliani.

sainteresod viTardeba “guliveris mogzaurobis” mesame nawili, sadac aRwerilia guliveris yofna mfrinav kunZulze - laputaze, Semdgom mogzauroba sxvadasxva qveynebSi. avtori amJRavnebs saxelmwifo manqanis mamoZravebel zambarebs. miuTiTebs, rom mmarTvelobis mTeli sistema agebulia pirferobaze, gaiZverobasa da saxelmwifo saxsrebis miTvisebaze. is dascinis misTvis saZulvel kanonebis damcvelT. amave nawilSi, igi miwasTan asworebs mecnierebs, romlebic unayofod xarjavdnen dros iseT kvleviT samuSaoTa Catarebaze, romelic xalxis interesebs srulebiT ar Seesabameba.

Tavisi Tanamedroveebis umravlesobis sapirispirod svifts ar sjera burJuaziuli progresisa. sakuTar wignSi igi aaSkaravebs simdidris warmoSobis namdvil wyaroebs. gamodis omebis winaaRmdeg da xmas imaRlebs koloniuri politikis winaaRmdeg.

wignis meoTxe, ukanasknel nawilSi aRwerilia mogzauroba hiuhnhnmebis qveyanaSi, sadac cxovelebi da adamianebi erTmaneTs Seenacvlnen: aq saxelmwifos marTaven brZeni cxenebi, xolo adamianTa modgma warmodgenilia rogorc adamianis msgavsi iahus saSineli STamomavloba. maTSi gaerTianebulia yvela cudi cxoveluri Tviseba, avtori ki maT warmoSobas or inglisels miawers, romlebic odesRac mosulan im mxareSi. miuxedavad sviftis mier adamianebis amgvari gamoxatvisa, igi ar unda CaiTvalos kacTmoZuled. igi am gziT gviCvenebs Tanamedrove sinamdvilis pirquS suraTebs. igi Tavis gulistkivils gvagrZnobinebs im uadamiano samyarosadmi, romelSic cxovrobs, sadac igi martodmartoa da ar ZaluZs misi gamosworeba, amitom mis mizans arsebuli sazogadoebivi urTierTobis uazrobis gamosworeba warmoadgens. igi miiswrafvis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gaumjobesebisaken, amave dros TviTonve aqvs Segnebuli misi ganuxorcieleblobac. garda am nawarmoebisa, svifti gamodis rigi statiebiTa da pamfletebiT, amxels inglisis politikas, romelic ase usamarTloa irlandielTa mimarT. igi mkacri kritikis qarcecxlSi atarebs burjuaziuli inglisis koloniur politikas, amitom mTeli ZaliT icavs daCagrul irlandias.

sviftis satiruli mxatvruli funji mdidari da mravalferovania. igi xan gesliani sarkazmiTaa savse da xan kidev moswrebuli ironiiTa da msubuqi iumoriT. aRsaniSnavia, rom sviftis stili TviTmizans ki ar warmoadgens, aramed igi Rrmad realisturia, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mTeli nawarmoebis mxatvrul amocanasTan da mimarTulia Tanamedroveobis pirferobisa da mankierebis winaaRmdeg.