ჯონ მილტონი-პროზაული პოლემიკოსი

 უკომენტაროდ... ვისაც ჯონ მილტონზე რაიმე გაეგება, მიხვდება რაზეც არის ეს თემა, მხოლოდ იმას ვიტყვი, რომ ეს ჩემი საკონფერენციო ნაშრომია.

inglisel poets, mwerals, prozaul polemikoss an ubralod, gaerTianebuli samefos samoqalaqo moRvawes jon miltons, udidesi adgili ukavia inglisuri literaturis istoriaSi. igi XVII saukunis inglisuri literaturis centraluri figuraa. man Tavisi politikuri traqtatebiT, pamfletebiT da mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT udidesi samsaxuri gauwia XVII saukunis burJuaziul revolucias.

inglisis revoluciis mgosani jon miltoni daibada 1608 wlis 9 dekembers londonSi. igi iyo miCneuli werilebis mamad, polemikur mwerlad da oliver kromvelis oficialur msaxurad. igi erTdroulad werda religiisa da politikis Sesaxeb. inglisur enasTan erTad, miltoni werda laTinur da italiur enebze, risi meSveobiTac hqonda didi saerTaSoriso reputacia mTeli misi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi.

Tavisi pirveli literaturuli cdebi miltons 15 wlis asakSi dauwyia. universitetSi swavlis dros is leqsebs umTavresad laTinur enaze werda. 1629 wels dauweria Tavisi pirveli mniSvnelovani nawarmoebi inglisur enaze, xolo 1630 wels – sonetebi italiur enaze, romelsac igi srulyofilad flobda.

1638-1639 wlebSi miltonma imogzaura safrangeTsa, italiasa da SveicariaSi, moinaxula parizi, nica, genua, florencia, romi, neapoli. florenciaSi yofnis dros igi Sexvda da esaubra inkviziciis tyveobaSi myof udides mecniersa da humanists galileis. mwiris senakSi gamoketilma, gawamebulma, gvemulma SanTebiT dadaRulma da damcirebulma brma titanma udidesi gavlena moaxdina axalgazrda meocnebe poetze. mogvianebiT, Tavis erT-erT cnobil traqtatSi miltoni ixsenebs am Sexvedras. aRSfoTebiT wers, rogor iyo didi geniosi dadaRuli gaxurebuli SanTebiT, rogor hqonda sxeuli dalilavebuli. es Sexvedra man gaixsena im traqtatSi, sadac poeti sityvisa da beWdvis Tavisuflebas moiTxovda. sityvis Tavisuflebis mospoba inkviziciis im umagaliTo mxecobas hgavso, daaskvna poetma. savaraudod, swored galileisTan Sexvedris Semdeg gauZlierda mas siZulvili papizmisa da inkviziciis mimarT. iezuitebi grZnobdnen mis ganwyobilebas da gafacicebiT uTvalTvalebdnen.

ufro didi xniT apirebda miltoni italiaSi darCenas, magram samSobloSi momxdarma ambebma daaCqares misi dabruneba. es is dro iyo, rodesac urTierToba monarqiasa da puritanul burJuazias Soris sul ufro da ufro mwvavdeboda da aSkara brZolis xasiaTi daedo. mdgomareobis gamorkvevis molodinSi man maswavleblobas mohkida xeli.

1643 wels miltonma colad SeirTo oqsfordis sagrafos mcire memamulis asuli meri poueli. miltonis qorwineba naCqarevi da amitom marcxiani aRmoCnda: erTi Tvis Semdeg meri mSoblebs daubrunda da aRar apirebda ukan dabrunebas, magram mefis momxreTa damarcxebiT SeSfoTebuli ori wlis Semdeg Seurigda qmars, romelic am droisaTvis ukve respublikelTa gamoCenili moRvawe iyo. miltons oTxi Svili eyola, magram misi meuRle 1652 wels mSobiarobas gadahyva.

miltonis pedagogiuri moRvaweobis Sedegi iyo misi cnobili traqtati “aRzrdis Sesaxeb”, xolo marcxiani qorwinebis Sedegi-

traqtatebis seria, qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb, rac miltons mniSvnelovan sazogadoebriv problemad miaCnda.

1640 wlidan moyolebuli miltoni werda pamfletebs da iTvleboda independentTa partiis gamoCenil publicistad. respublikelebis gamarjvebis Semdeg mas eWira mniSvnelovani Tanamdeboba saxelmwifo sabWoSi da hqonda piradi kontaqti puritanebis cnobil moRvaweebTan. rogorc publicistma, man respublikelTa mTavrobas mravaljer gauwia didi daxmareba: igi icavda revoluciuri partiisa da xalxis uflebebs da pasuxs aZlevda roialistebis werilobiT gamosvlebs qveynis SigniT Tu gareT. respublikis periodSi miltons TiTqmis aRar rCeboda dro mxatvruli SemoqmedebisaTvis.

rogorc mkvlevarebi SeniSnaven, miltonis Semoqmedebas gaorebis beWedi azis: Zval-rbilSi gamjdar puritanul msoflmxedvelobas humanizmis ideebi erwymis. erTi mxriv, igi aRtacebulia antikuri samyaroTi, misi xelovnebiT, mTeli misi kulturiT, magram, amave dros, misTvis, rogorc puritanuli suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli kacisaTvis, miuRebelia zedmeti Tavisufleba. gaorebis karg nimuSs warmoadgenen poemebi L’ALLego da IL Penseroso, romlebic TiTqmis erTdroulad Seiqmna da erTma kritikosma moxdenilad “tyupi poemebi” uwoda. L’ALLego italiurad mxiaruls niSnavs da am poemaSic mxiaruli ymawvili kacia daxatuli. IL Penseroso ki italiurad daRvremils niSnavs da am nawarmoebSi gamoyvanili kacic mudmivad Cafiqrebuli da daRvremilia, mxiarulebas erideba.

sainteresoa amave periodSi dawerili pamfletebi da traqtatebi religiis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. imave SeupovrobiTa da pirdapirobiT, riTac momdevno wlebSi mTel evropaSi gaiTqva saxeli Tavisi politikuri traqtatebiTa da pamfletebiT, miltoni am pirvel werilebSiac xmas imaRlebs episkopaluri eklesiis winaaRmdeg, moiTxovs eklesiis gamoyofas saxelmwifosagan imgvarad, rom religiis saqmeebSi araviTari garegani Careva ar xdebodes. religia Sinagani rwmenis saqmea da srul Tavisuflebas moiTxovso, mTeli simZafriT acxadebs igi.

Zalian mniSvnelovania miltonis SesaniSnavi traqtati beWdviTi sityvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. mimarTva didi oratoruli niWiTa da mgznebarebiTaa dawerili da mTel inglisur publicistur literaturaSi dRemde erT-erT ubrwyinvales nawarmoebad aris miCneuli. ganusazRvrelad didi iyo traqtatis emociuri zemoqmedebac. misi gamoqveynebis Semdeg sagrZnoblad Sesustda cenzuris gavlenis Zala da sisastike. erTi cenzori imdenad Seawuxa sindisis qenJnam, rom samsaxuridan gadadga.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom miltonis yvela publicistur werils politikur wreebsa da mTel sazogadoebaSi didi zemoqmedebis Zala hqonda. misma traqtatebma religiis Sesaxeb sagrZnoblad Seasusta episkoposebis gavlena. misi yoveli gamosvla SiSis zars scemda mtrebs da aRafrTovanebda respublikis momxreebs.

aRsaniSnavia miltonis politikuri traqtatebi “xatis mebrZoli”, “ingliseli xalxis dacva” da “meore dacva”, romlebSic miltoni icavs xalxis Tavisuflebis interesebs, amarTlebs tiranis mkvlelobas da adidebs revolucias da mis belads oliver kromvels. kromvels igi adidebs agreTve Tavis cnobil sonetSi “lord general

kromvels”, magram metad sayuradReboa, rom igi amiT rodi amtkicebs kromvelis pirovnebis kults: kromveli misTvis Tavisuflebis dacvis simboloa, magram sakmarisi iyo kromveli qceuliyo respublikis diqtatorad, rom miltonma mas zurgi Seaqcia da mis sikvdilzedac ki aRar dauZravs krinti.

1660-1674 wlebSi miltonma Seqmna Tavisi udidesi poeturi qmnilebebi. “Zvelma aRTqmam” da mis samoselSi gaxveulma inglisurma revoluciam ukarnaxa mas epikuri siuJeti, romelsac igi axalgazrdobidanve daeZebda. miltonis mZlavri poeturi xma gaisma, rogorc revoluciuri mowodeba da gamowveva swored gamZvinvarebuli roialisturi reaqciis wlebSi, Tumca miltonis cnobili poemebi “dakarguli samoTxe”, “dabrunebuli samoTxe” da “tragedia samsoni” miltonisave sicocxlis droidan religiur poemebad iTvlebodnen, vidre maT revoluciur Sinaarss gaxsnidnen me-19 saukunis romantikosebi – Seli, baironi da lendori.

“dakarguli samoTxe” dawerilia grandiozuli epiuri formiT. poemis safuZvelia bibliuri miTi RmerTisa da satanas brZolis Sesaxeb samyaros grandiozul maStabebSi da pirveli adamianebis cxovrebaSi. poema or ZiriTad planSia gaSlili – filosofiur-moralur da istoriul-politikur planSi. filosofiur-moralur planSi mJRavndeba miltonis puritanizmi: RmerTi mkacri, uzenaesi gonebaa, romlisgan daSoreba iwvevs codvas da sasjels. aseTi daSorebaa satanis siamaye da pativmoyvareoba, adamisa da evas cnobismoyvareoba da nebisyofis sisuste. amave planSi mJRavndeba miltonis humanizmic – aRorZinebis epoqis memkvidreoba da misi puritanizmis winaaRmdegoba: satana gacilebiT adamianuria, vidre RmerTi. igi gaJRenTilia Tavisuflebis surviliT. mas urCevnia itanjos, oRond Tavisufali iyos da aravis daemorCilos. imave dros misTvis gasagebia sibralulis grZnobac ki.

winaaRmdegoba SeiZleba davinaxoT poemis meore – istoriul-politikuri planis dapirispirebaSic pirvel – filosofiur-moralur planTan. puritani miltonis mkacri filosofiuri RmerTi istoriul-politikuri gaazrebiT inglisis mefis portretia, xolo Tavisuflebismoyvare, amayi da momxiblavi satana – oliver kromvelis saxis asli. ajanyebuli angelozebi kromvelis jariskacebs mogvagoneben, xolo didi kosmiuri bataluri scenebi – inglisis samoqalaqo omis suraTebs.

amgvarad, “dakargul samoTxeSi” Tavmoyrilia miltonis filosofiuri, moralur-eTikuri da politikuri Sexedulebani.

arsebobs gadmocema, TiTqos miltons ukve damTavrebuli poema, “dakarguli samoTxe”, erTi Tavisi megobrisaTvis gadaeces wasakiTxad. megobarma waikiTxa poema da dasZina: “samoTxis dakargva ki gvaCvene, magram dabrunebas rodisRa gvaCvenebo”. TiTqos amis Sedegi iyos meore poemis, “dabrunebuli samoTxis” Seqmna. am nawarmoebis Sinaarsi dayvanilia erTi ZiriTadi Temis gadmocemamde. es Tema puritanulad da humanisturad ganwmendili sulis (qristes) brZolaa amqveyniuri cxovrebis cdunebaTa winaaRmdeg(satana). gonebis brZolaa vnebisa da grZnobis winaaRmdeg. arsebiTad es aris ritorikuli orTabrZola puritanulad TavdaWeril qristesa da macdur satanas Soris,

romelsac aRaraferi aqvs saerTo “dakarguli samoTxis” titanur gmirTan.

kidev ufro meti avtografiuli elementi Cauqsovia miltons tragediaSi “samsoni”. mtrebis banakidan gamosuli qalis mier gacemuli da dabrmavebuli bibliuri gmiri samsoni ganwirulia samarcxvino monobisaTvis, magram igi kvlav moikrebs Zal-Rones da iZiebs Surs. TviT iRupeba, magram mtrebsac Rupavs. Zneli ar aris am samsonSi davinaxoT TviTon miltoni.

siuJetebi da forma mxatvruli SemoqmedebisaTvis miltons ukarnaxa TviTon inglisis burJuaziuli revoluciis “bibliurma samoselma”, rac savsebiT Seesabameboda miltonis puritanizms. magram aRorZinebis ideebis memkvidre miltoni antikuri epiuri formebisadmi gulgrilad ar iyo ganwyobili. igi cdilobda miebaZa homerosisa da virgiliusis eposisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT “dakargul samoTxeSi”. miuxedavad imisa, rom am poemis calkeuli adgilebi miltonma SesaniSnavad Seasrula, igi am poemis rogorc mxatvruli mTelis, rogorc epikuri poemis SeqmnaSi, aSkarad damarcxda. amis mizezi is iyo, rom miltonma scada Seeqmna eposi maSin, roca amisaTvis saWiro istoriuli pirobebi ar arsebobda.

1652wels miltoni savsebiT dabrmavda. mTeli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi igi TandaTanobiT kargavda sinaTles. eqimebi sastikad ukrZalavdnen muSaobas, dabrmavebiT emuqrebodnen, magram mainc ver gatexes poeti. “poezia xom mivitane msxverplad, axla mzad var Tvalis sinaTlec Sevwiro TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas”-pasuxobda igi.

udidesi sulieri simtkicisa da gmirobis magaliTia miltonis mermindeli cxovreba. brma poeti amis Semdegac ar morCildeba beds da Cveuli sibejiTiTa da SeupovrobiT ganagrZobs muSaobas, brZolas, did politikur moRvaweobas. miltonisaTvis  Zalian Zvirfasi yofila qveynis TavisuflebisaTvis brZola, risi naTeli magaliTicaa misi traqtatebi, sadac igi respublikuri mmarTvelobis qomagad gvevlineba, samarcxvino boZze akravs respublikis mtrebs da sastikad ilaSqrebs maT winaaRmdeg.

sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi, politikurad ganadgurebuli, materialurad gaRaribebuli, fizikurad gatexili, orive TvalSi sinaTledaSretili da uTvistomo, mTavrobis mier devnili poeti axla marTlac daemsgavsa im titans, romelsac igi florenciaSi Sexvda oci wlis winaT. misi nawerebi cecxls misces, sajarod, jalaTis xeliT, iseve, rogorc amas italieli inkvizitorebi akeTebdnen. miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, poetis suli mainc ver gatexes. man mainc gaagrZela iseTi poemebis Seqmna, romlebmac mas inglisis erT-erTi udidesi poetis saxeli mouxveWa.

miltoni Tirkmelze Seqmnili problemebis gamo gardaicvala 1674 wlis 8 noembers.